You Know Why They Called It the Dark Ages

Term for the Early on Middle Ages

The "Nighttime Ages" is a term for the Early Middle Ages or Eye Ages in Western Europe after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, characterizing information technology as marked by economic, intellectual, and cultural reject.

The concept of a "Dark Age" originated in the 1330s with the Italian scholar Petrarch, who regarded the post-Roman centuries as "dark" compared to the "light" of classical antiquity.^{[i] [2]} The term employs traditional light-versus-darkness imagery to contrast the era'southward "darkness" (lack of records) with earlier and later periods of "lite" (affluence of records).^[1] The phrase "Dark Age" itself derives from the Latin saeculum obscurum, originally practical by Caesar Baronius in 1602 when he referred to a tumultuous flow in the 10th and 11th centuries.^{[3] [4]} The concept thus came to characterize the entire Middle Ages as a fourth dimension of intellectual darkness in Europe between the fall of Rome and the Renaissance. This became especially popular during the 18th-century Age of Enlightenment.^[1]

As the accomplishments of the era came to be better understood in the 19th and 20th centuries, scholars began restricting the "Nighttime Ages" appellation to the Early Centre Ages (c. 5th–tenth century),^{[ane] [5] [six]} and now scholars also decline its usage in this period.^[7] The majority of modern scholars avoid the term birthday due to its negative connotations, finding information technology misleading and inaccurate.^{[viii] [9] [x] [11]} Petrarch's pejorative pregnant remains in use,^{[12] [13] [14]} typically in pop culture which often mischaracterises the Heart Ages as a fourth dimension of violence and backwardness.^{[15] [xvi]}

History [edit]

Petrarch [edit]

The idea of a Dark Age originated with the Tuscan scholar Petrarch in the 1330s.^{[14] [17]} Writing of the past, he said: "Amidst the errors there shone forth men of genius; no less keen were their eyes, although they were surrounded by darkness and dense gloom".^[18] Christian writers, including Petrarch himself,^[17] had long used traditional metaphors of 'low-cal versus darkness' to describe 'skillful versus evil'. Petrarch was the get-go to give the metaphor secular meaning by reversing its awarding. He now saw classical antiquity, so long considered a 'dark' age for its lack of Christianity, in the 'low-cal' of its cultural achievements, while Petrarch's own time, allegedly lacking such cultural achievements, was seen as the age of darkness.^[17]

From his perspective on the Italian peninsula, Petrarch saw the Roman menses and classical antiquity as an expression of greatness.^[17] He spent much of his fourth dimension traveling through Europe, rediscovering and republishing classic Latin and Greek texts. He wanted to restore the Latin language to its former purity. Renaissance humanists saw the preceding 900 years as a time of stagnation, with history unfolding non along the religious outline of Saint Augustine's Six Ages of the World, but in cultural (or secular) terms through progressive development of classical ethics, literature, and art.

Petrarch wrote that history had two periods: the classic menstruation of Greeks and Romans, followed by a time of darkness in which he saw himself living. In around 1343, in the determination of his ballsy Africa, he wrote: "My fate is to live amidst varied and confusing storms. Simply for y'all mayhap, if equally I promise and wish yous will live long afterward me, at that place will follow a amend age. This sleep of forgetfulness will not last forever. When the darkness has been dispersed, our descendants can come again in the former pure radiance."^[xix] In the 15th century, historians Leonardo Bruni and Flavio Biondo developed a three-tier outline of history. They used Petrarch's 2 ages, plus a mod, 'ameliorate historic period', which they believed the world had entered. Later the term 'Middle Ages' – Latin media tempestas (1469) or medium aevum (1604) – was used to describe the flow of supposed decline.^[20]

Reformation [edit]

During the Reformations of the 16th and 17th centuries, Protestants generally had a like view to Renaissance humanists such as Petrarch, but as well added an anti-Catholic perspective. They saw classical antiquity as a aureate time, not simply because of its Latin literature, but also because it witnessed the beginnings of Christianity. They promoted the idea that the 'Middle Age' was a fourth dimension of darkness also because of corruption within the Catholic Church, such as: popes ruling equally kings, veneration of saints' relics, a licentious priesthood, and institutionalized moral hypocrisy.^[21]

Baronius [edit]

In response to the Protestants, Catholics developed a counter-epitome to depict the High Middle Ages in particular as a menstruum of social and religious harmony, and non 'dark' at all.^[22] The almost important Cosmic respond to the Magdeburg Centuries was the Annales Ecclesiastici by Cardinal Caesar Baronius. Baronius was a trained historian who produced a piece of work that the Encyclopædia Britannica in 1911 described as "far surpassing anything before"^[23] and that Acton regarded as "the greatest history of the Church ever written".^[24] The Annales covered the outset twelve centuries of Christianity to 1198, and was published in twelve volumes between 1588 and 1607. Information technology was in Book X that Baronius coined the term "dark age" for the period between the terminate of the Carolingian Empire in 888^[25] and the offset stirrings of Gregorian Reform under Pope Clement Ii in 1046:

Volumes of Patrologia Latina per century^[26]

Century	Volumes	# of volumes
seventh	80–88	8
8th	89–96	7
9th	97–130	33
10th	131–138	7
11th	139–151	12
12th	152–191	39
13th	192–217	25

"The new age (saeculum) that was offset, for its harshness and barrenness of skillful could well be chosen iron, for its baseness and abounding evil leaden, and moreover for its lack of writers (inopia scriptorum) dark (obscurum)".^[27]

Significantly, Baronius termed the age 'night' considering of the paucity of written records. The "lack of writers" he referred to may be illustrated by comparison the number of volumes in Migne's Patrologia Latina containing the piece of work of Latin writers from the tenth century (the heart of the age he called 'dark') with the number containing the work of writers from the preceding and succeeding centuries. A minority of these writers were historians.

Medieval product of manuscripts.^[28] The offset of the Middle Ages was also a period of low activity in copying. Notation that this graph does not include the Byzantine Empire.

In that location is a abrupt drop from 34 volumes in the 9th century to merely 8 in the 10th. The 11th century, with xiii, evidences a sure recovery, and the 12th century, with 40, surpasses the 9th, something the 13th, with but 26, fails to do. There was indeed a 'dark historic period', in Baronius's sense of a "lack of writers", between the Carolingian Renaissance in the ninth century and the beginnings, some time in the 11th, of what has been called the Renaissance of the 12th century. Furthermore, there was an earlier period of "lack of writers" during the seventh and 8th centuries. So, in Western Europe, 2 'dark ages' can be identified, separated by the vivid but brief Carolingian Renaissance.

Baronius' 'dark historic period' seems to take struck historians, for it was in the 17th century that the term started to spread to various European languages, with his original Latin term saeculum obscurum being reserved for the period he had applied it to. But while some, post-obit Baronius, used 'dark age' neutrally to refer to a dearth of written records, others used it pejoratively, lapsing into that lack of objectivity that has discredited the term for many modern historians.

The first British historian to apply the term was most likely Gilbert Burnet, in the form 'darker ages' which appears several times in his work during the later 17th century. The earliest reference seems to exist in the "Epistle Dedicatory" to Volume I of The History of the Reformation of the Church of England of 1679, where he writes: "The blueprint of the reformation was to restore Christianity to what it was at showtime, and to purge it of those corruptions, with which information technology was overrun in the later and darker ages."^[29] He uses it again in the 1682 Volume II, where he dismisses the story of "St George'due south fighting with the dragon" as "a legend formed in the darker ages to back up the humour of knightly".^[30] Burnet was a bishop chronicling how England became Protestant, and his use of the term is invariably pejorative.

Enlightenment [edit]

During the Historic period of Enlightenment of the 17th and 18th centuries, many disquisitional thinkers saw faith equally antithetical to reason. For them the Eye Ages, or "Age of Faith", was therefore the opposite of the Age of Reason.^[31] Baruch Spinoza, Bernard Fontenelle, Kant, Hume, Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Paine, Denis Diderot, Voltaire, Marquis De Sade and Rousseau were vocal in attacking the Middle Ages equally a period of social regress dominated by faith, while Gibbon in The History of the Decline and Autumn of the Roman Empire expressed antipathy for the "rubbish of the Nighttime Ages".^[32] Yet just equally Petrarch, seeing himself at the cusp of a "new historic period", was criticising the centuries earlier his own time, and then besides were Enlightenment writers.

Consequently, an evolution had occurred in at least three ways. Petrarch's original metaphor of light versus dark has expanded over time, implicitly at least. Even if later humanists no longer saw themselves living in a nighttime historic period, their times were still non light enough for 18th-century writers who saw themselves as living in the real Age of Enlightenment, while the period to be condemned stretched to include what we now call Early Modern times. Additionally, Petrarch's metaphor of darkness, which he used mainly to deplore what he saw as a lack of secular achievement, was sharpened to have on a more explicitly anti-religious and anti-clerical significant.

Romanticism [edit]

In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the Romantics reversed the negative cess of Enlightenment critics with a vogue for medievalism.^[33] The give-and-take "Gothic" had been a term of opprobrium akin to "Vandal" until a few self-confident mid-18th-century English "Goths" like Horace Walpole initiated the Gothic Revival in the arts. This stimulated interest in the Middle Ages, which for the following generation began to have on the idyllic image of an "Age of Organized religion". This, reacting to a world dominated past Enlightenment rationalism, expressed a romantic view of a Gilded Age of chivalry. The Middle Ages were seen with nostalgia as a period of social and environmental harmony and spiritual inspiration, in contrast to the excesses of the French Revolution and, virtually of all, to the environmental and social upheavals and utilitarianism of the developing Industrial Revolution.^[34] The Romantics' view is yet represented in modern-day fairs and festivals celebrating the flow with 'merrie' costumes and events.

Just as Petrarch had twisted the meaning of calorie-free versus darkness, so the Romantics had twisted the judgment of the Enlightenment. Nonetheless, the menstruum they arcadian was largely the High Center Ages, extending into Early on Modernistic times. In one respect, this negated the religious aspect of Petrarch's judgment, since these later centuries were those when the power and prestige of the Church building were at their height. To many, the scope of the Nighttime Ages was becoming divorced from this period, denoting mainly the centuries immediately following the autumn of Rome.

Modern scholarly use [edit]

The term was widely used by 19th-century historians. In 1860, in The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy, Jacob Burckhardt delineated the contrast betwixt the medieval 'dark ages' and the more than enlightened Renaissance, which had revived the cultural and intellectual achievements of antiquity.^[35] The earliest entry for a capitalized "Nighttime Ages" in the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) is a reference in Henry Thomas Buckle's History of Civilization in England in 1857, who wrote: "During these, which are rightly chosen the Nighttime Ages, the clergy were supreme." The OED in 1894 divers an uncapitalised "dark ages" equally "a term sometimes applied to the period of the Middle Ages to marking the intellectual darkness feature of the time".^[36]

Withal, the early 20th century saw a radical re-evaluation of the Middle Ages, which called into question the terminology of darkness,^[10] or at least its more pejorative use. The historian Denys Hay spoke ironically of "the lively centuries which we call nighttime".^[37] More than forcefully, a book about the history of German language literature published in 2007 describes "the night ages" as "a popular if uninformed manner of speaking".^[38]

About modern historians do not use the term "night ages", preferring terms such as Early Middle Ages. But when used by some historians today, the term "Dark Ages" is meant to depict the economical, political, and cultural problems of the era.^{[39] [40]} For others, the term Nighttime Ages is intended to be neutral, expressing the idea that the events of the period seem 'dark' to u.s. because of the paucity of the historical record.^[10] For example Robert Sallares, commenting on the lack of sources to found whether the plague pandemic of 541 to 750 reached northern Europe, opines "the epithet Night Ages is surely notwithstanding an appropriate description of this period".^[41] The term is besides used in this sense (often in the singular) to reference the Bronze Age collapse and the subsequent Greek Nighttime Ages,^[12] the brief Parthian Night Historic period (1st century BC),^[42] the dark ages of Cambodia (c. 1450–1863 AD), and as well a hypothetical Digital Nighttime Age which would ensue if the electronic documents produced in the current period were to become unreadable at some signal in the hereafter.^[43] Some Byzantinists have used the term Byzantine Dark Ages to refer to the menstruation from the earliest Muslim conquests to nearly 800,^[44] considering there are no extant historical texts in Greek from this period, and thus the history of the Byzantine Empire and its territories that were conquered by the Muslims is poorly understood and must be reconstructed from other contemporaneous sources, such as religious texts.^{[45] [46]} The term "night age" is not restricted to the discipline of history. Since the archaeological evidence for some periods is abundant and for others scanty, there are also archaeological dark ages.^[47]

Since the Late Center Ages significantly overlap with the Renaissance, the term 'Night Ages' became restricted to singled-out times and places in medieval Europe. Thus the fifth and sixth centuries in Great britain, at the height of the Saxon invasions, accept been called "the darkest of the Dark Ages",^[48] in view of the societal collapse of the period and the consistent lack of historical records. Further southward and east, the same was true in the erstwhile Roman province of Dacia, where history subsequently the Roman withdrawal went unrecorded for centuries every bit Slavs, Avars, Bulgars, and others struggled for supremacy in the Danube basin, and events in that location are still disputed. However, at this time the Abbasid Caliphate is often considered to have experienced its Golden Age rather than Nighttime Age; consequently, usage of the term must also specify a geography. While Petrarch'southward concept of a Dark Age corresponded to a mostly Christian period following pre-Christian Rome, today the term mainly applies to the cultures and periods in Europe that were least Christianized, and thus most sparsely covered by chronicles and other contemporary sources, at the time mostly written by Cosmic clergy.^{[ commendation needed ]}

However, from the later on 20th century onward, other historians became critical even of this nonjudgmental use of the term, for two main reasons.^[10] Firstly, it is questionable whether it is ever possible to use the term in a neutral way: scholars may intend this, but ordinary readers may not empathise information technology so. Secondly, 20th-century scholarship had increased understanding of the history and civilisation of the period,^[49] to such an extent that it is no longer really 'dark' to the states.^[10] To avoid the value judgment implied by the expression, many historians now avoid information technology altogether.^{[l] [51]} It was occasionally used upwardly to the 1990s past historians of early medieval Britain, for example in the title of the 1991 book past Ann Williams, Alfred Smyth and D. P. Kirby, A Biographical Dictionary of Dark Age U.k., England, Scotland and Wales, c.500-c.1050,^[52] and in the comment by Richard Abels in 1998 that the greatness of Alfred the Keen "was the greatness of a Night Age king".^[53] In 2020, John Blair, Stephen Rippon and Christopher Smart observed that: "The days when archaeologists and historians referred to the fifth to the tenth centuries every bit the 'Dark Ages' are long gone, and the material culture produced during that period demonstrates a high degree of composure."^[54]

Modern non-scholarly apply [edit]

A 2021 lecture past Howard Williams of Chester University explored how "stereotypes and popular perceptions of the Early on Center Ages – popularly still considered the European 'Night Ages' – plague popular culture";^[55] and finding 'Dark Ages' is "rife exterior of academic literature, including in paper manufactures and media debates."^[56] Equally to why it is used, co-ordinate to Williams, legends and racial misunderstandings have been revitalized by modern nationalists, colonialists and imperialists effectually present-solar day concepts of identity, faith and origin myths ie. appropriating historical myths for modern political ends.^[56]

In a "groundbreaking"^[57] book about medievalisms in popular culture by Andrew B. R. Elliott (2017), he constitute "by far" the nigh common employ of 'Dark Ages' is to "signify a full general sense of backwardness or lack of technological composure", in item noting how information technology has become entrenched in daily and political discourse.^[58] Reasons for utilize, according to Elliott, are often "bland" (a term he coins in banal medievalisms), "characterized mainly past being unconscious, unwitting and by having picayune or no intention to refer to the Middle Ages"; for example, referring to an insurance manufacture that still relied on paper instead of computers as being in the 'Night Ages'.^[57] These bland uses are niggling more than tropes that inherently comprise a criticism about lack of progress.^[58] Elliott connects 'Dark Ages' to the "Myth of Progress", also observed by Joseph Tainter, who says, "There is genuine bias against and then-chosen 'Nighttime Ages'" considering of a modern belief that social club normally traverses from lesser to greater complexity, and when complication is reduced during a collapse, this is perceived as out of the ordinary and thus undesirable; he counters that complexity is rare in human history, a costly mode of organization that must be constantly maintained, and periods of less complexity are mutual and to be expected as part of the overall progression towards greater complexity.^[15]

In Peter S. Wells'due south 2008 volume, Barbarians to Angels: The Nighttime Ages Reconsidered, he writes "I have tried to bear witness that far from being a period of cultural bleakness and unmitigated violence, the centuries (fifth - 9th) known popularly as the Night Ages were a fourth dimension of dynamic development, cultural inventiveness, and long-distance networking".^[59] He writes that our "pop understanding" of these centuries, "depends largely on the picture of barbarian invaders that Edward Gibbon presented more than ii hundred years ago," and that this view has been accepted "by many who have read and admire Gibbons work."^[threescore]

David C. Lindberg, a science and religion historian, says the 'Dark Ages' are "according to wide-spread popular conventionalities" portrayed as "a time of ignorance, atrocity and superstition", for which he asserts "blame is near often laid at the feet of the Christian church".^[61] Medieval historian Matthew Gabriele echoes this view as a myth of popular civilization.^[62] Andrew B. R. Elliott notes the extent to which "Center Ages/Dark Ages take come to be synonymous with religious persecution, witch hunts and scientific ignorance".^[63]

See also [edit]

• Barbaric kingdoms
• Conflict thesis and Continuity thesis

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b c d} Theodor Ernst Mommsen (1959). "Petrarch's Conception of the 'Dark Ages'". Medieval And Renaissance Studies. Cornell Academy Press. pp. 106–129. . Reprinted from: Mommsen, Theodore Ernst (1942). "Petrarch's Formulation of the 'Nighttime Ages'". Speculum. Cambridge MA: Medieval Academy of America. 17 (ii): 227–228. doi:10.2307/2856364. JSTOR 2856364. S2CID 161360211.
2. ^ Thompson, Bard (1996). Humanists and Reformers: A History of the Renaissance and Reformation. Yard Rapids, MI: Erdmans. p. thirteen. ISBN978-0-8028-6348-5. Petrarch was the very first to speak of the Centre Ages as a 'night age', one that separated him from the riches and pleasures of classical antiquity and that broke the connexion between his own historic period and the culture of the Greeks and the Romans.
3. ^ Dwyer, John C. (1998). Church History: Twenty Centuries of Catholic Christianity. New York: Paulist Press. p. 155.
4. ^ Baronius, Caesar. Annales Ecclesiastici, Vol. X. Roma, 1602, p. 647
5. ^ Ker, W. P. (1904). The Dark Ages. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. p. one. The Dark Ages and the Middle Ages — or the Middle Historic period — used to be the same; ii names for the same menses. But they have come up to be distinguished, and the Dark Ages are now no more than the first function of the Middle Age, while the term mediaeval is often restricted to the later centuries, about 1100 to 1500, the age of chivalry, the time between the outset Cause and the Renaissance. This was not the old view, and it does not agree with the proper significant of the name.
6. ^ Rahman, Syed Ziaur (2003). "Were the "Night Ages" Really Nighttime?". Grey Affair. The Co-curricular Journal of Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College. Aligarh Muslim University. 7 (ten).
7. ^ Halsall, Guy (2005). Fouracre, Paul (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History: c.500-c.700. Vol. 1. Cambridge Academy Printing. p. xc. In terms of the sources of information available, this is nigh certainly non a Night Age... Over the last century, the sources of prove have increased dramatically, and the remit of the historian (broadly defined as a student of the by) has expanded correspondingly.
8. ^ Joseph Gies (1994). Cathedral, Forge, and Waterwheel: Technology and Invention in the Middle Ages. HarperCollins Publishers. p. 2. In the course of recent decades, the very expression 'Dark Ages' has fallen into disrepute amongst historians.
9. ^ Snyder, Christopher A. (1998). An Age of Tyrants: United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland and the Britons A.D. 400–600. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Printing. pp. xiii–xiv. ISBN0-271-01780-5. . In explaining his arroyo to writing the piece of work, Snyder refers to the "so-called Dark Ages", noting that "Historians and archaeologists accept never liked the characterization Nighttime Ages ... at that place are numerous indicators that these centuries were neither 'night' nor 'barbarous' in comparison with other eras."
10. ^ ^{a b c d e} Verdun, Kathleen (2004). "Medievalism". In Jordan, Chester William (ed.). Dictionary of the Middle Ages. Vol. Supplement 1. Charles Scribner. pp. 389–397. ; Same volume, Freedman, Paul, "Medieval Studies", pp. 383–389.
11. ^ Raico, Ralph. "The European Miracle". Retrieved 14 August 2011. "The stereotype of the Heart Ages as 'the Dark Ages' fostered past Renaissance humanists and Enlightenment philosophes has, of course, long since been abandoned by scholars."
12. ^ ^{a b} Oxford English Dictionary . Vol. four (ii ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford Academy Press. 1989. p. 251.
13. ^ "Definition of Dark AGE". www.merriam-webster.com.
14. ^ ^{a b} Franklin, James (1982). "The Renaissance Myth". Quadrant. 26 (eleven): 51–60.
15. ^ ^{a b} Tainter, Joseph A. (1999). "Post Plummet Societies". In Barker, Graeme (ed.). Companion Encyclopedia of Archeology. Abingdon, England: Routledge. p. 988. ISBN0-415-06448-1.
16. ^ *Nelson, Janet (Bound 2007). "The Nighttime Ages". History Workshop Periodical. 63: 196–98. doi:x.1093/hwj/dbm006. ISSN 1477-4569.
17. ^ ^{a b c d} Mommsen, Theodore E. (1942). "Petrarch's Conception of the 'Dark Ages'". Speculum. Cambridge MA: Medieval Academy of America. 17 (2): 226–242. doi:x.2307/2856364. JSTOR 2856364. S2CID 161360211.
18. ^ Petrarch (1367). Apologia cuiusdam anonymi Galli calumnias (Defense against the calumnies of an anonymous Frenchman), in Petrarch, Opera Omnia, Basel, 1554, p. 1195. This quotation comes from the English translation of Mommsen's article, where the source is given in a footnote. Cf. also Marsh, D, ed., (2003), Invectives, Harvard University Press, p. 457.
19. ^ Petrarch (1343). Africa, Ix, 451-7. This quotation comes from the English translation of Mommsen'southward article.
20. ^ Albrow, Martin, The global age: land and society beyond modernity (1997), p. 205.
21. ^ F. Oakley, The medieval feel: foundations of Western cultural singularity (Academy of Toronto Press, 1988), pp. i-4.
22. ^ Daileader, Philip (2001). The Loftier Center Ages. The Didactics Company. ISBN i-56585-827-1. "Catholics living during the Protestant Reformation were not going to take this assault lying down. They, too, turned to the study of the Heart Ages, going dorsum to prove that, far from being a menstruation of religious corruption, the Eye Ages were superior to the era of the Protestant Reformation, because the Middle Ages were free of the religious schisms and religious wars that were plaguing the 16th and 17th centuries."
23. ^ Shotwell, James Thomson (1911). "History". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13} (11th ed.). Cambridge Academy Press. p. 530.
24. ^ Lord Acton (1906). Lectures on Modernistic History, p. 121.
25. ^ Baronius's actual starting-point for the "dark age" was 900 (annus Redemptoris nongentesimus), but that was an capricious rounding off due mainly to his strictly annalistic arroyo. Later historians, e.thou. Marco Porri in his Catholic History of the Church building (Storia della Chiesa) or the Lutheran Christian Concordance ("Saeculum Obscurum") Archived 2009-x-19 at the Wayback Machine, take tended to amend it to the more than historically significant date of 888, often rounding it downward further to 880. The first weeks of 888 witnessed both the final pause-upwardly of the Carolingian Empire and the death of its deposed ruler Charles the Fat. Unlike the end of the Carolingian Empire, however, the end of the Carolingian Renaissance cannot be precisely dated, and it was the latter development that was responsible for the "lack of writers" that Baronius, as a historian, found then irksome.
26. ^ Schaff, Philip (1882). History of the Christian Church, Vol. IV: Mediaeval Christianity, A.D. 570–1073, Ch. XIII, §138. "Prevailing Ignorance in the Western Church"
27. ^ Baronius, Caesar (1602). Annales Ecclesiastici, Vol. X. Roma, p. 647. "...nouum inchoatur saeculum, quod sui asperitate ac boni sterilitate ferreum, malique exundantis deformitate plumbeum, atque inopia scriptorum appellari consueuit obscurum."
28. ^ Buringh, Eltjo; van Zanden, January Luiten: "Charting the "Rise of the West": Manuscripts and Printed Books in Europe, A Long-Term Perspective from the Sixth through Eighteenth Centuries", The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 69, No. two (2009), pp. 409–445 (416, table 1)
29. ^ Burnet, Gilbert (1679). The History of the Reformation of the Church of England, Vol. I. Oxford, 1929, p. ii.
30. ^ Burnet, Gilbert (1682). The History of the Reformation of the Church of England, Vol. II. Oxford, 1829, p. 423. Burnet besides uses the term in 1682 in The Abridgement of the History of the Reformation of the Church of England (2nd Edition, London, 1683, p. 52) and in 1687 in Travels through France, Italia, Federal republic of germany and Switzerland (London, 1750, p. 257). The Oxford English language Dictionary erroneously cites the final of these as the earliest recorded use of the term in English language.
31. ^ Bartlett, Robert (2001). "Introduction: Perspectives on the Medieval Globe", in Medieval Panorama. ISBN 0-89236-642-7. "Disdain well-nigh the medieval past was especially forthright amongst the critical and rationalist thinkers of the Enlightenment. For them the Middle Ages epitomized the barbaric, priest-ridden world they were attempting to transform."
32. ^ Gibbon, Edward (1788). The History of the Turn down and Fall of the Roman Empire, Vol. 6, Ch. XXXVII, paragraph 619.
33. ^ Alexander, Michael (2007). Medievalism: The Middle Ages in Modern England. Yale University Press.
34. ^ Chandler, Alice Yard. (1971). A Dream of Order: The Medieval Ideal in Nineteenth-Century English Literature. Academy of Nebraska Printing, p. iv.
35. ^ Barber, John (2008). The Road from Eden: Studies in Christianity and Civilization. Palo Alto, CA: Academica Press, p. 148, fn 3.
36. ^ Buckle, History of Civilization in England, I, ix, p. 558, quoted in Oxford English language Dictionary, D-Deceit (1894), p. 34. The 1989 second edition of the OED retains the 1894 definition and adds "often restricted to the early catamenia of the Middle Ages, betwixt the time of the fall of Rome and the appearance of vernacular written documents".
37. ^ Hay, Denys (1977). Annalists and Historians. London: Methuen, p. fifty.
38. ^ Dunphy, Graeme (2007). "Literary Transitions, 1300–1500: From Late Mediaeval to Early on Modern" in: The Camden House History of German Literature vol 4: "Early on Mod German language Literature". The chapter opens: "A popular if uninformed style of speaking refers to the medieval period every bit "the dark ages." If there is a night age in the literary history of Federal republic of germany, however, information technology is the ane that follows: the fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries, the fourth dimension betwixt the Middle High German Blütezeit and the full blossoming of the Renaissance. Information technology may be called a dark age, non because literary product waned in these decades, but because nineteenth-century aesthetics and twentieth-century university curricula allowed the achievements of that fourth dimension to fade into obscurity."
39. ^ Review Commodity: Travel and Trade in the Night Ages, Treadgold, Warren, Journal. The International History Review Volume 26, 2004 - Issue ane
40. ^ Globalisation, Ecological Crisis, and Dark Ages, Sing C. Chew, Journal of Global Society, Book 16, 2002 - Issue 4
41. ^ Sallares, Robert (2007). "Ecology, Evolution and Epidemiology of Plague". In Piddling, Lester (ed.). Plague and the Cease of Antiquity. Cambridge, U.k.: Cambridge University Printing. p. 257. ISBN978-0-521-84639-iv.
42. ^ Sampson, Gareth C. (2008). The Defeat of Rome: Crassus, Carrhae and the Invasion of the Due east. Pen & Sword Armed services. p. 206, footnotes. ISBN978-1-84415-676-4.
43. ^ 'Digital Dark Age' May Doom Some Information, Science Daily, October 29, 2008.
44. ^ Lemerle, Paul (1986). Byzantine Humanism, translated by Helen Lindsay and Ann Moffat. Canberra, pp. 81–82.
45. ^ Whitby, Michael (1992). "Greek historical writing after Procopius" in Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East, ed. Averil Cameron and Lawrence I. Conrad, Princeton, pp. 25–80.
46. ^ Lemerle, Paul (1986). Byzantine Humanism, translated by Helen Lindsay and Ann Moffat. Canberra, p. 81-84.
47. ^ Project: Exploring the Early Holocene Occupation of North-Central Anatolia: New Approaches for Studying Archaeological Nighttime Ages Period of Project: 09/2007-09/2011
48. ^ Cannon, John and Griffiths, Ralph (2000). The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Monarchy (Oxford Illustrated Histories), 2nd Revised edition. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, p. ane. The beginning chapter opens with the sentence: "In the darkest of the Nighttime Ages, the fifth and sixth centuries, in that location were many kings in Britain but no kingdoms."
49. ^ Welch, Martin (1993). Discovering Anglo-Saxon England Archived 2010-10-29 at the Wayback Machine. University Park, PA: Penn State Press.
50. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica "It is now rarely used by historians because of the value judgment it implies. Though sometimes taken to derive its significant from the fact that little was then known virtually the period, the term's more usual and pejorative sense is of a period of intellectual darkness and barbarity."
51. ^ Kyle Harper (2017). The Fate of Rome: Climate, Disease, and the Terminate of an Empire (The Princeton History of the Aboriginal Globe). Princeton University Press. p. 12. These used to exist called the Nighttime Ages. That label is best set aside. It is hopelessly redolent of Renaissance and Enlightenment prejudices. Information technology birthday underestimates the impressive cultural vitality and enduring spiritual legacy of the entire flow that has come to be known as "tardily antiquity". At the same fourth dimension we do not have to euphemize the realities of regal disintegration, economic plummet and societal disintegration.
52. ^ Ann Williams; Alfred P. Smyth; D. P. Kirby, eds. (1991). A Biographical Dictionary of Dark Age Uk. Seaby. ISBNi-85264-047-2.
53. ^ Abels, Richard (1998). Alfred the Not bad: War, Kingship and Culture in Anglo-Saxon England. Harlow, UK: Longman. p. 23. ISBN0-582-04047-vii.
54. ^ Blair, John; Rippon, Stephen; Smart, Christopher (2020). Planning in the Early on Medieval Mural. Liverpool, UK: Liverpool Academy Printing. p. iii. ISBN978-1-78962-116-7.
55. ^ Howard Williams (xvi March 2021). "Earthworks into the Nighttime Ages: Early Medieval False Histories and How to Combat Them". chester.air conditioning.uk . Retrieved 27 September 2021. Alt URL
56. ^ ^{a b} Howard Williams (2020). "The politics and popular civilization of the 'Dark Ages'". Digging Into the Dark Ages. Archaeopress Publishing Express. p. 3. Further sources referenced by Williams: Effros 2003: i-lxx; Geary 2001; Sommer 2017
57. ^ ^{a b} Susanna Throop (April 2019). "Review: Medievalism, Politics and Mass Media". Speculum. 94 (2): 526–528. doi:10.1086/702181. S2CID 159330716.
58. ^ ^{a b} Andrew B. R. Elliott (2017). "Ch. 3: Medievalism, the Dark Ages and the Myth of Progress". Medievalism, Politics and Mass Media: Appropriating the Middle Ages in the Twenty-First Century. D.S.Brewer.
59. ^ Peter Southward. Wells (2008). Barbarians to Angels: The Dark Ages Reconsidered. West. Due west. Norton. p. 199-200.
60. ^ Peter South. Wells (2008). Barbarians to Angels: The Night Ages Reconsidered. W. W. Norton. p. 11-fifteen.
61. ^ David C. Lindberg (2003). "The Medieval Church building Encounters the Classical Tradition: Saint Augustine, Roger Salary, and the Handmaiden Metaphor". In David C. Lindberg; Ronald L. Numbers (eds.). When Science & Christianity Meet. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 7. According to widespread popular belief, the period of European history known equally the Middle Ages was a fourth dimension of barbarism, ignorance and superstitious. The epithet 'Dark Ages' often applied to it nicely captures this stance. Every bit for the ills that threatened literacy, learning, and especially science during the Middle Ages, blame is almost ofttimes laid at the feet of the Christian church...
62. ^ Matthew Gabriele (23 September 2016). "Five myths about the Heart Ages". The Washington Mail . Retrieved 28 September 2021.
63. ^ Andrew B. R. Elliott (2017). Medievalism, Politics and Mass Media: Appropriating the Middle Ages in the Xx-First Century. D.S.Brewer. p. 91.

External links [edit]

• "Dark Ages" in Encyclopædia Britannica
• "Decline and autumn of the Roman myth" by Terry Jones
• "Why the Heart Ages are called the Dark Ages"
• Alban Gautier, « De l'usage des Dark Ages en histoire médiévale », portail Ménestrel, 2017 (in French)

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Ages_%28historiography%29

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